EYES ON LONDON: All Bolt, all the time

LONDON (AP) ? Around the 2012 Olympics and its host city with journalists from The Associated Press bringing the flavor and details of the games to you:

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Usain Bolt did it.

Bolt gave a wink to the camera before stepping into the blocks, then blew away the rest of a blazing field with a time of 9.63 seconds in the 100 meters.

Bolt started a little slow as usual, but once he started running upright, it was all over.

He grinned and winked right up until the start of the race and then confidently strutted into the stands immediately afterward. He grabbed a Jamaican flag and waded into the roaring, undulating crowd alongside teammate and silver medalist Yohan Blake for hugs and congratulations.

Blake finished second in 9.75. American Justin Gatlin took the bronze in 9.79.

Bolt now joins Carl Lewis as only the second man to go back-to-back in track's biggest race.

? Jon Krawczynski ? Twitter http://www.twitter.com/APKrawczynski

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QUICKQUOTE: WAR PAINT

"They call me the glitter-faced warrior." ? DeeDee Trotter, American bronze medalist in the 400, who wore red, blue and silver glitter next to each eye.

? Jon Krawczynski ? Twitter http://twitter.com/APKrawczynski

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POWER IN THE STRETCH

It's been called the longest sprint ? a lot can happen in the 400 between the starting gun and the finish line.

Sanya Richards-Ross was behind Amantle Montsho of Botswana as they made the turn, but the tiny American runner accelerated through the stretch to win the Olympic 400-meter race Sunday.

Richards-Ross's time of 49.55 edged out the defending champion, Christine Ohuruogu of Britain, who also deployed a strong kick to finish in 49.70. American DeeDee Trotter won the bronze.

It was the first U.S. gold in track and field at the London Games ? and it was a long time coming for Richards-Ross, who sobbed at the Beijing Bird's Nest Stadium when she finished third in 2008.

? Sheila Norman-Culp ? Twitter http://twitter.com/snormanculp

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EXPLAINER: HEAD START?

When Sanya Richards-Ross lined up in the middle of the pack of her 400 field, the runner in lane 8 was way out in front.

She wasn't getting a head start. The curves in the track mean the outside runners would have to run a longer race if they all started in the same position.

So the starts are staggered along the track with lane 1, the closest to the infield, being the furthest back.

They don't need to do that in the 100 because the runners don't have any curves to negotiate.

? Jon Krawczynski ? Twitter http://twitter.com/APKrawczynski

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PISTORIUS INSPIRES, DOESN'T ADVANCE

The Blade Runner didn't advance to the 400-meter finals on Sunday night. That isn't stopping him from inspiring the rest of the field.

South African Oscar Pistorius finished last in his semifinal heat of the 400 meters on Sunday night. Unless South Africa chooses him for the 4x400 relay, his run at the London Games is over.

That he's even running at all is amazing enough. Pistorius runs on carbon fiber blades after being born without fibulas.

Grenada's Kirani James won the heat, then took his name plate off and exchanged it with Pistorius.

"He's an inspiration for all of us," James says. "He's very special to our sport."

? Jon Krawczynski ? Twitter http://www.twitter.com/APKrawczynski

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DOC ON OLYMPICS

Boston Celtics coach Doc Rivers has been to many events during these Olympics ? including the men's 100-meter showdown on Sunday night.

Rivers wasn't the only NBA name in the stadium: LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Kobe Bryant, Kevin Durant and others were a section away from where he sat to watch Usain Bolt race.

"Usain Bolt's the biggest act in town," Rivers says. "There's no doubt. Basketball, especially here, it's not as big. But track, it's amazing how big it is in other countries. I wish it was like that in the States. I really do. It's amazing to watch. It's 10 seconds. It's less than 10 seconds. It's amazing."

Rivers and the Celtics will open the new season in Miami on Oct. 30, when the Heat raise their championship banner in a pregame ceremony.

He watched Michael Phelps swim, saw some boxing and cycling as well. But his favorite event? Beach volleyball.

"It's hilarious," Rivers says. "It's a bar and an event at the same time. It's the most fun thing, by far."

? Tim Reynolds ? Twitter http://twitter.com/ByTimReynolds

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LEBRON'S PICK: BOLT

LeBron James got briefly stuck trying to get into the jam-packed Olympic Stadium for the 100-meter final on Sunday night.

He wasn't bothered.

"I wasn't going to miss this," said James, the NBA's reigning MVP and NBA Finals MVP from the Miami Heat, as he and Carmelo Anthony headed to join teammates in prime seats near the finish line to watch reigning Olympic winner Usain Bolt, world champion Yohan Blake and 2004 Olympic champion Justin Gatlin.

James and his USA Basketball teammates made it a point to be there for the marquee event of the Olympics, and James didn't hesitate when asked pick who would win:

"Oh ? Usain."

? Tim Reynolds ? Twitter http://www.twitter.com/ByTimReynolds

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ONE MO TIME

Mo Farah's victory in the 10,000 meters on Saturday night practically shook the earth under Olympic Stadium from the roar of the crowd.

On Sunday, it shook one Mo time.

Farah returned to the stadium for his medal ceremony and most of the 80,000 in attendance thundered through "God Save the Queen" as he stood on the podium.

With a bright smile on his face, Farah waved to the crowd and walked off the track like the champion he is.

The night belongs to the sprinters. This moment was all his.

? Jon Krawczynski ? Twitter http://www.twitter.com/APKrawczynski

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FAMOUS FANS BOTTLED UP

As the men's 100-meter semifinals were set to begin, a group of giddy fans scrambled up a stairwell looking to get into the stadium.

"Where do we go? Where do we go?" one yelled.

They tried door after door but kept getting turned away because it was the wrong section.

Happens to hundreds of fans a night. No big deal, right?

Well these weren't just any fans. It was LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Kevin Durant and most of the U.S. men's basketball team. Guys who aren't used to being told "No."

Kevin Love, Carmelo Anthony, Russell Westbrook, Chris Paul and Andre Iguodala also were in the group scrambling to catch a glimpse of the heats.

"Let's go! Let's go!" Love hollered.

They finally talked their way into a section and James recorded Bolt's heat on video.

Once it was over they were hustled out of the area and escorted to their seats. Plenty of time to watch the final.

Check out the picture here: http://yfrog.com/nx93xtgj

? Jon Krawczynski ? Twitter http://www.twitter.com/APKrawczynski

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HEAD OVER HEELS

Hungarian wrestler Peter Modos certainly isn't sneezing at a bronze medal.

After beating Denmark's Erik Nybloom to win a bronze out of the 55-kilogram consolation bracket, Modos ran over and jumped so high into his coach's arms that his torso nearly smacked his coach's shoulder.

Modos then ran across the mat and did a cartwheel, which he followed with a succession of backflips.

He also hugged Nybloom, who understandably wasn't all that into it.

? Luke Meredith ? Twitter http://twitter.com/LukeMeredithAP

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HOT SEAT

They bake in the sun all day and roast by fire all night.

Having a seat by the Olympic cauldron may seem like the perfect place to watch Usain Bolt and Yohan Blake burn up the track.

But their blazing times aren't the only things heating this place up. The enormous fire in the cauldron makes a seat in the section beside it almost uncomfortably hot.

As you approach the area, the temperature cranks up, and just being in the vicinity starts the beads of sweat gathering.

It could be a prime location when the sun sets and a chill hits the air. Anyone got marshmallows?

? Jon Krawczynski ? Twitter http://www.twitter.com/APKrawczynski

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LIZZIE'S GOLDEN HAUL

Forget all the talk of the United States and China battling for supremacy of the London Olympic medals table. The runaway leader is ... Queen Elizabeth II.

The British monarch is also the sovereign of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Jamaica ? to name only those countries that have medaled at the 2012 games and have the queen as their head of state.

As of Sunday evening, their combined total of medals was 75, outstripping the 59 snagged by China and the 56 won by the United States at the same hour. And that was before Jamaicans Usain Bolt and Yohan Blake looked likely to win more booty for Her Majesty in the 100-meter men's final later Sunday night.

The queen's gold medal total at 8 p.m. London time on Sunday was 22 ? with Team GB contributing the majority, 16. The others came from Australia (one), Canada (one), New Zealand (three) and Jamaica (one).

That total trailed behind China's 29 and 27 for the United States, formerly a subject of the crown. Still, not bad at all for a monarch who celebrated 60 years on the throne this June.

? John Leicester ? http://twitter.com/johnleicester

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LOUIS' MAD DAY

Great Britain's Louis Smith just tweeted about his "mad day" after getting the silver medal in the pommel horse.

"Wow crazyyyyy!! Wat a mad day loved the support at north greenwich arena all though it was mad scary. Love all my fans and friends xxx."

The 23-year-old was beaten to the gold Sunday by Hungary's Krisztian Berki, but only by a whisker.

He and Berki both finished with the same 16.066 score, but Berki got the gold because his execution score of 9.166 was a mere .10 points better.

? Fergus Bell ? Twitter http://twitter.com/fergb

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MEDAL ON MY PILLOW

"I slept with my medal beside me. It was an amazing feeling to wake up this morning and know that it wasn't a dream," Britain's Olympic poster girl Jessica Ennis on her heptathlon victory.

? David Stringer - Twitter http://twitter.com/david_stringer

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KISS FOR AN (ENGLISH) ROSE

Just about everyone in the arena knew that the Duchess of Cambridge, the former Kate Middleton, was at the O2 Arena for the first day of event finals Sunday.

Everyone, that is, except for one of the gymnasts she came to see.

Louis Smith was a favorite for a medal on pommel horse, his signature event, and Middleton had a front-row seat for the show. When

Smith finished his routine, Middleton and the British gymnasts they were with jumped to their feet, cheering. Not that Smith noticed.

"If I had seen her, I would have blown her a kiss," Smith said.

Smith and Krisztian Berki finished with identical scores of 16.066, but the Hungarian got the gold because of a higher execution score.

? Nancy Armour ? Twitter http://www.twitter.com/nrarmour

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EDITOR'S NOTE ? "Eyes on London" shows you the Olympics through the eyes of Associated Press journalists across the 2012 Olympic city and around the world. Follow them on Twitter where available with the handles listed after each item, and get even more AP updates from the Games here: http://twitter.com/AP_Sports

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/eyes-london-bolt-time-212756180--oly.html

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Breakfast. - Rossendale Online

Just been on holiday an each mornin I looked at what each nationality ate for their breakfast.....

The French always seemed to eat fresh fruit an coffee, the Germans liked the same an then some omelette an sausage an stuff, the Swedish seemed to like bread, cheese an ham and coffee and the Russians seemed to eat a mixture of all the above.
The British however, an there weren't many of em, seemed to split into two camps, one lot that went for the full on continental experience of fresh fruit, cheese an ham, greek yoghurt an honey, croissants, an coffee, an a right bloody po faced lot they were, an Goodshaw boys camp, who went for bacon, sausage, egg, beans, scrambled/fried egg, croquet potatoes, toast, coffee, an then some fruit.

An a cold beer to swill it down with.

Then a swim.

Which camp would you prefer to be in?

Source: http://www.rossendaleonline.co.uk/food-drink-forum/13654-breakfast.html

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European stocks stabilize after ECB-led selloff

A woman holding a parasol walks past an electronic stock board of a securities firm in Tokyo Friday, Aug. 3, 2012. Japan's Nikkei 225 stock average was down 1.2 percent at 8,553.68 on Friday as Asian stock markets fell after the European Central Bank's policy meeting failed to deliver on bold promises of action to overcome the region's prolonged debt crisis. (AP Photo/Koji Sasahara)

A woman holding a parasol walks past an electronic stock board of a securities firm in Tokyo Friday, Aug. 3, 2012. Japan's Nikkei 225 stock average was down 1.2 percent at 8,553.68 on Friday as Asian stock markets fell after the European Central Bank's policy meeting failed to deliver on bold promises of action to overcome the region's prolonged debt crisis. (AP Photo/Koji Sasahara)

President of European Central Bank adjusts his glasses during a news conference in Frankfurt, Germany, Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012, following a meeting of the ECB governing council concerning the further strategies in the European financial crisis. (AP Photo/Michael Probst)

A man quenches thirst as he looks at an electronic stock board of a securities firm in Tokyo Friday, Aug. 3, 2012. Japan's Nikkei 225 stock average was down 1.2 percent at 8,553.68 on Friday as Asian stock markets fell after the European Central Bank's policy meeting failed to deliver on bold promises of action to overcome the region's prolonged debt crisis. (AP Photo/Koji Sasahara)

LONDON (AP) ? European markets rose slightly on Friday, recovering only some of the losses made the previous day, when the European Central Bank failed to deliver on bold promises of action to overcome the region's debt crisis.

A week after vowing to do whatever it takes to keep the euro common currency intact, ECB President Mario Draghi offered no concrete new measures, only a plan that is to go through committee approval.

After rising for most of the previous week, stock markets fell sharply and the borrowing rates of Spain and Italy jumped higher, suggesting investors are more concerned they will need financial aid.

Attention is now turning to the monthly U.S. payrolls report due later Friday which provides a closely watched indicator of how the world's biggest economy is faring. U.S. hiring was likely sluggish in July for a fourth straight month, held back by slower economic growth and an uncertain outlook. Analysts forecast that employers added 100,000 jobs last month, according to a survey by FactSet.

By late morning in Europe, Britain's FTSE 100 was up 1.1 percent to 5,723.44, while Germany's DAX added 1.6 percent to 6,710.53. France's CAC 40 climbed 1.6 percent to 3,282.53.

Wall Street was set to gain with Dow futures up 0.6 percent and S&P 500 futures up 0.7 percent.

The euro was 0.5 percent higher at $1.2243, but the bond markets failed to recover much. While Italy's 10-year bond yield edged down after the previous day's surge, Spain's continued to inch higher. It was at 7.07 percent, a level considered unsustainable in the longer term.

Investors had hoped the ECB would resume purchases of government bonds to lower the borrowing costs of financially struggling countries such as Spain and announce other measures to calm a crisis that is dragging down global economic growth.

But Germany, which is Europe's biggest economy, is opposed to the ECB operating outside its mandate to control inflation and wants any government bond purchases to be financed by other funds set up to deal with the crisis.

The problem with the German approach, some analysts say, is that Europe's bailout funds lack the firepower to make much of a difference if the financial situation in a big economy such as Spain or Italy dramatically worsens.

A surge in Spain's borrowing costs early last week underlined that a bailout of one of Europe's largest economies is probably unaffordable and could splinter the common currency.

Earlier, Asian indexes closed lower, as traders there caught up with the ECB news. Japan's Nikkei 225 stock average finished down 1.1 percent at 8,555.11, and Hong Kong's Hang Seng was 0.2 percent lower to 19,652.50. Australia's S&P/ASX 200 shed 1.1 percent to 4,221.50, and South Korea's Kospi dropped 1.1 percent to 1,848.68. The Shanghai Composite rose 1 percent to 2,132.80.

In energy trading, benchmark crude was up 96 cents at $88.09 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract fell $1.78 to close at $87.13 on Thursday in New York.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2012-08-03-World%20Markets/id-4c76a2b34f6b4512af4fe50949ffcb42

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Jessica Ennis wins Olympic heptathlon for Britain

Britain's Jessica Ennis lands a jump during the long jump heptathlon during the athletics in the Olympic Stadium at the 2012 Summer Olympics, London, Saturday, Aug. 4, 2012. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)

Britain's Jessica Ennis lands a jump during the long jump heptathlon during the athletics in the Olympic Stadium at the 2012 Summer Olympics, London, Saturday, Aug. 4, 2012. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)

Russia's Tatyana Chernova competes in the long jump heptathlon during the athletics in the Olympic Stadium at the 2012 Summer Olympics, London, Saturday, Aug. 4, 2012. (AP Photo/Matt Dunham)

Britain's Jessica Ennis competes in the long jump heptathlon during the athletics in the Olympic Stadium at the 2012 Summer Olympics, London, Saturday, Aug. 4, 2012. (AP Photo/Matt Dunham)

France's Antoinette Nana Djimou Ida competes in the long jump heptathlon during the athletics in the Olympic Stadium at the 2012 Summer Olympics, London, Saturday, Aug. 4, 2012. (AP Photo/Matt Dunham)

LONDON (AP) ? Jessica Ennis won the Olympic heptathlon gold medal on Saturday, the first for Britain on the track at the London Games.

Ennis started with a record in the hurdles and finished it off almost 36 hours later with an 800-meter run that was more like two victory laps of the packed, 80,000-seat Olympic Stadium.

Ennis went into the last of her seven events with a lead of 188 points over Austra Skujyte of Lithuania and extended her margin by winning the last race in 2 minutes, 8.65 seconds.

She posted a total of 6,955 points, a British record. World champion Tatyana Chernova of Russia, a strong second-day performer, initially was classified in second place and Lyudmyla Yosypenko of Ukraine was third but the results were later changed after a protest.

Lilli Schwarzkopf of Germany was promoted to silver with 6,649 points and Chernova was demoted to third place, still with 6,628 points.

Yosypenko of Ukraine finished fourth with 6,618.

Schwarzkopf finished in fourth place in the 800 but was initially disqualified for running outside her lane. She was reinstated following a protest before a counter-protest from the Ukrainian team was rejected.

The capacity crowd went wild as Ennis collapsed over the line. She sobbed at the end, then carried a Union flag around the track.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-08-04-OLY-ATH-Heptathlon/id-800192e6918e42a6a1da966d3c6e9327

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Ed Lester's ? Your Source Code For Success | ? SoleBizSoleBiz

Personal Development Researcher, Sought After Health & Lifestyle Coach, Hypnosis and NLP Expert, Self-Help Author and Trainer Shows You How To:

If you?re like me, you?ve totally embraced the Law of Attraction. Like countless others, the book "The Secret" was definitely a big step in the right direction for you, wasn?t it?

For instance, I?ll bet you have a "vision board." I know I do. But how much of YOUR vision board has become reality for you?

Please be honest, not just with me but with yourself. (Honesty and integrity are foundational principles of the law of attraction.)

If you?re like most people I?ve talked with, the answer lies somewhere between "just a little" and still having a long way to go.

Hi, my name is Ed Lester and for the past 15 years, I?ve made it my goal, my mission to help people live their very best lives.

Through trial and error and a great deal of personal commitment and passion, I discovered something almost nobody else has ever fully recognized or understood:

You probably haven?t heard of me because until now, the majority of my work has been done privately.

Over the years, I?ve observed my more successful clients have gotten TWO THINGS right-and in the process have achieved their loftiest dreams.

First, much like you, they?ve (either consciously or unconsciously) embraced the law of attraction. In addition, they? realso doing "something else" which I?ll share in a moment-something you probably are not doing.

Before I share, for one moment, just think about what you?ve been trying to manifest your own life. What are your "big dreams"?

Also?think about why you don?t have everything on your vision board yet. What might be the challenge?

With the help of my Clients over the past few years, I?ve uncovered a unique process for implementing the Law of Attraction in one?s life.

Unless you?ve been one of my Clients, you definitely haven?t heard of this process. What I can tell you is that the vast majority of successful people use it? they just may not realize they?re using it in the moment.

When you finally understand how to activate your personal source code you?re operating system, you?ll spend more and more of your time in a state of total "flow" In the zone.

Most people experience this state once in a while. What if I told you can be in the state of flow the majority of your day?

Meditation gurus frequently call this "bliss". In this state, your whole world changes in surprising and highly desirable ways. Possibilities just appear out of nowhere.

I call this process, this program, "Your Source Code for Success." Master this process, and you?ll find making the law of attraction work in your own life as easy and as simple as breathing in and out. It quickly becomes almost second nature.

It?s supposed to be simple. You place your order for anything you want and the universe will manifest it for you? exactly as requested.

In the? Read more?

Source: http://www.solebiz.com/ed-lesters-your-source-code-for-success/

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Bacterial community inside the plant root

Public release date: 3-Aug-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Professor Dr. Paul Schulze-Lefert
schlef@mpipz.mpg.de
49-221-506-2350
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Plants choose the soil bacteria that they allow into their roots

This press release is available in German.

Soil is the most species-rich microbial ecosystem in the world. From this incredible diversity, plants specifically choose certain species, give them access to the root and so host a unique, carefully selected bacterial community from which they then benefit in a variety of ways. To achieve this, the plant's immune system must be able to tell which of these bacteria are friends and which foes. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne and the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen have now discovered that the model plant Arabidopsis preferentially takes up three bacterial phyla into its roots: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. This community of microbes is dependent on soil type and plant genotype.

The scientists have been breaking new ground in plant science with their investigation. It is only in recent years that the significance of microbial communities has been receiving wider attention. Even humans have more microorganisms than cells inside them, which means that any living organism can be regarded as a metaorganism. Schulze-Lefert and his colleagues have conducted acensus of the Arabidopsis root and identified varying quantities of 43 bacterial phyla. It may therefore be concluded that Arabidopsis makes a selection of the inhabitants of its roots from the profusion of microorganisms in the soil.

In drawing up the census, Schulze-Lefert and his colleagues investigated three habitats: root tissue with the bacteria residing there, the rhizosphere directly adjacent to the root, and unplanted soil in the surroundings of the test plants. "Three phyla of bacteria are dominant in the roots", says Schulze-Lefert. "These are Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, and each of these phyla is represented there by a major class or family. The nature of the soil and the genotype of the particular Arabidopsis plant obviously also have an influence on which bacteria are taken up into the roots."

The researchers cultivated the test plants either in loamy, silty soil from the Cologne Lowland or in sandy soil from the river and lake landscape around Golm in the federal state of Brandenburg. They also investigated two different ecotypes of Arabidopsis, each adapted to a very specific location. The fact that there are differences in the respective microbial communities between the two ecotypes also indicates that the bacteria must be selectively concentrated in the roots. "One of the bacterial species occurs ten times more frequently in one of the ecotypes than in the other", says Schulze-Lefert.

"We of course also wondered whether the community of bacteria has come together in the root merely by chance or whether there actually is a concentration system using molecular 'admission tickets', as we suspect", comments Schulze-Lefert on the results. The scientists therefore investigated the distribution pattern of the bacteria, namely which species can only be found on dead organic material, which are primarily present in the roots and which are to be found both on dead material and in root.

The bacteria which only settle on dead material must deliberately be kept at a distance by the plants. Of the three large groups of bacteria, it is primarily the Actinobacteria that predominate in the living root. "There must therefore be a molecular 'invitation' for this group", says Schulze-Lefert. "We don't know what it looks like, but the results cannot be explained in any other way. The important question that then arises is how the plant's immune system tolerates the useful bacteria. In other words, how does Arabidopsis tell friend from foe?" Plants are not usually timid when it comes to defending themselves from phytopathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic invaders are quickly recognised from their characteristic patterns and then subjected to the full force of the plant's immune system.

The group of bacteria which are found both on dead material and in the roots are also of interest. After all, this group makes up more than 40 percent of the bacterial community in the root. Dr. Schulze-Lefert's Cologne-based team are working on the assumption that these bacteria are primarily adapted for specific parts of the plant cell wall, which are identical in living and dead material, and are attracted by these constituents. A similar selective concentration of specific bacteria in the root is also found when comparing Arabidopsis plants from the wild with greenhouse specimens.

###

Original publication:

Davide Bulgarelli, Matthias Rott, Klaus Schlaeppi, Emiel Ver Loren van Themaat, Nahal Ahmadinejad, Federica Assenza, Philipp Rauf, Bruno Huettel, Richard Reinhardt, Elmon Schmelzer, Joerg Peplies, Frank Oliver Gloeckner, Rudolf Amann, Thilo Eickhorst & Paul Schulze-Lefert

Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota Nature, August 2, 2012, doi: 10.1038/nature11336

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 3-Aug-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Professor Dr. Paul Schulze-Lefert
schlef@mpipz.mpg.de
49-221-506-2350
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Plants choose the soil bacteria that they allow into their roots

This press release is available in German.

Soil is the most species-rich microbial ecosystem in the world. From this incredible diversity, plants specifically choose certain species, give them access to the root and so host a unique, carefully selected bacterial community from which they then benefit in a variety of ways. To achieve this, the plant's immune system must be able to tell which of these bacteria are friends and which foes. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne and the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen have now discovered that the model plant Arabidopsis preferentially takes up three bacterial phyla into its roots: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. This community of microbes is dependent on soil type and plant genotype.

The scientists have been breaking new ground in plant science with their investigation. It is only in recent years that the significance of microbial communities has been receiving wider attention. Even humans have more microorganisms than cells inside them, which means that any living organism can be regarded as a metaorganism. Schulze-Lefert and his colleagues have conducted acensus of the Arabidopsis root and identified varying quantities of 43 bacterial phyla. It may therefore be concluded that Arabidopsis makes a selection of the inhabitants of its roots from the profusion of microorganisms in the soil.

In drawing up the census, Schulze-Lefert and his colleagues investigated three habitats: root tissue with the bacteria residing there, the rhizosphere directly adjacent to the root, and unplanted soil in the surroundings of the test plants. "Three phyla of bacteria are dominant in the roots", says Schulze-Lefert. "These are Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, and each of these phyla is represented there by a major class or family. The nature of the soil and the genotype of the particular Arabidopsis plant obviously also have an influence on which bacteria are taken up into the roots."

The researchers cultivated the test plants either in loamy, silty soil from the Cologne Lowland or in sandy soil from the river and lake landscape around Golm in the federal state of Brandenburg. They also investigated two different ecotypes of Arabidopsis, each adapted to a very specific location. The fact that there are differences in the respective microbial communities between the two ecotypes also indicates that the bacteria must be selectively concentrated in the roots. "One of the bacterial species occurs ten times more frequently in one of the ecotypes than in the other", says Schulze-Lefert.

"We of course also wondered whether the community of bacteria has come together in the root merely by chance or whether there actually is a concentration system using molecular 'admission tickets', as we suspect", comments Schulze-Lefert on the results. The scientists therefore investigated the distribution pattern of the bacteria, namely which species can only be found on dead organic material, which are primarily present in the roots and which are to be found both on dead material and in root.

The bacteria which only settle on dead material must deliberately be kept at a distance by the plants. Of the three large groups of bacteria, it is primarily the Actinobacteria that predominate in the living root. "There must therefore be a molecular 'invitation' for this group", says Schulze-Lefert. "We don't know what it looks like, but the results cannot be explained in any other way. The important question that then arises is how the plant's immune system tolerates the useful bacteria. In other words, how does Arabidopsis tell friend from foe?" Plants are not usually timid when it comes to defending themselves from phytopathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic invaders are quickly recognised from their characteristic patterns and then subjected to the full force of the plant's immune system.

The group of bacteria which are found both on dead material and in the roots are also of interest. After all, this group makes up more than 40 percent of the bacterial community in the root. Dr. Schulze-Lefert's Cologne-based team are working on the assumption that these bacteria are primarily adapted for specific parts of the plant cell wall, which are identical in living and dead material, and are attracted by these constituents. A similar selective concentration of specific bacteria in the root is also found when comparing Arabidopsis plants from the wild with greenhouse specimens.

###

Original publication:

Davide Bulgarelli, Matthias Rott, Klaus Schlaeppi, Emiel Ver Loren van Themaat, Nahal Ahmadinejad, Federica Assenza, Philipp Rauf, Bruno Huettel, Richard Reinhardt, Elmon Schmelzer, Joerg Peplies, Frank Oliver Gloeckner, Rudolf Amann, Thilo Eickhorst & Paul Schulze-Lefert

Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota Nature, August 2, 2012, doi: 10.1038/nature11336

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Auction ID: 113641, End Time : Aug. 02, 2012 22 ... - Car Auction Sites

	Current Bid - Start Bid USD 2,000.00 [ Convert ] Quantity 1 # Bids 0 You must be registered in order to be able to bid. Seller Information BuzztraderFeed (0) Registered since Oct. 18, 2011 in United States Description 1967 Buick Skylark,original California Car, Motor will run but needs water pump. 350 2 barrel, automatic, bench seat, fender skirts, has rust under vinyl top. $2000 or best offer, parts or project car. I can help arrange shipping if needed. For more information call 219-310-4132. For more information; http://buzztrader.com Get Approved For A Car Loan Shipping Conditions Buyer pays for shipping expenses Shipping & Payment Details Read description. Postage - Insurance - Shipping Method Pickup Ask Poster a Question Please login in order to ask the seller a question. The poster , BuzztraderFeed , assumes all responsibility for the contents of this listing

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